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Approximate age:43,621 years old=average of minimum (0.041953 Ma) and maximum (0.045288 Ma)
Date based on: Radiocarbon See map of sites with similar ages
Dating reference: Lalueza-Fox, C., Sampietro, M.L., Caramelli, D., Puder, Y., Lari, M., Calafell, F., Martinez-Maza, C., Bastir, M., Fortea, J., de la Rasilla, M., et al. (2005). Neandertal evolutionary genetics; mitochondrial DNA data from the Iberian Peninsula. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22, 1077?1081.
Hominids: Homo neanderthalensis
Archaeology:DNA Middle Stone Age (MSA)/Mousterian
Important specimens: Bones, teeth with DNA: populaiton of Neanderthals with DNA whows let mtDNA diversity in males that females and has been interpreted as evidence for patrilocality.
Notes: Mass spec on the teeth was in the same ballpark. Archaeology reference: Santamaría, D., Fortea, J., De La Rasilla, M., Martínez, L., Martínez, E., Cañaveras, J. C., et al. The technological and typological behaviour of a Neanderthal group from El SidrÛn cave (Asturias, Spain). Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 29(2), 119-148.
Location: Galería del Osario, El Sidrón Cave, Asturias, Spain
Map location/coordinates reference: Lalueza-Fox, C., Krause, J., Caramelli, D., Catalano, G., Milani, L., Sampietro, M. L., et al. (2006). Mitochondrial DNA of an Iberian Neandertal suggests a population affinity with other European Neandertals. Current biology: CB, 16(16), R629.
Key references:
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El Sidron
